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Dumper

General Information and History of Construction Equipment Dumpers

Background of dump trucks

A dumper is a compact construction vehicle with a front- or rear-mounted skip used to transport construction materials around a site. If equipped with a towing eye, a dumper can also be used as a tractor to tow a trailer. Early dumpers were tipped manually, and had approximately one tonne payload capacity. Modern dumpers can carry up to ten tonnes, and usually are tipped using hydraulics. Safety is a primary concern when operating a dumper, and accidents usually involve injuries due to the entire vehicle tipping.

Types of Construction Equipment Dumpers

Articulated Dump Trucks

Unlike traditional dumpers, articulated dump trucks consist of an enclosed cab which tows the dump bed behind it on a trailer. The articulation between the cab and the trailer results in a much smaller turning radius, which compensates for the greater length of the vehicle. In some cases, the operator is able to manoeuvre the trailer from the cab using a hydraulic system. Articulated dump trucks excel in off-road conditions and difficult terrain over which a rigid dump truck would struggle to perform, as well as in locations with limited space, however the articulation itself results in a reduced payload capacity.More ads of articulated dumpers on MachineryZone.

Rigid Dump Trucks

A rigid dump truck is mounted on a traditional rigid chassis, with the operator in a closed cab at the front, and a dump bed which tips rearwards. It usually is diesel-powered and has only two axles. The rigid chassis gives this dump truck exceptional strength and increased payload capacity. It is best suited to a more expansive site with relatively gentle terrain, due to its larger turning radius and limited off-road capability compared to the articulated dump truck. Rigid dump trucks are often used in large mining operations, as well as heavy construction. Used rigid dump trucks available here.

Tracked Dump Trucks

Tracked dump trucks are a rigid dump truck which moves on continuous tracks, instead of tyres. The tracks allow a more even distribution of vehicle weight over a larger area, resulting in less damage to the surface the vehicle is traversing , and allowing the truck to carry a heavier payload through muddy terrain. Tracked dump trucks also have excellent traction on slick or snowy surfaces. The dump truck’s tracks may be made of rubber or steel. Rubber tracks are quieter and smoother, but best suited to paved areas. Steel tracks perform better on rough ground and last longer, but are much noisier and provide a rougher ride. More used tracked dumpers on sale on MachineryZone.

Mini Dumpers

Mini dumpers have a forward-tipping front-mounted dump bed, with the operator seated at the back of the vehicle. Because the operator is not enclosed, mini dumpers often have a roll bar for safety. Mini dumpers have two axles, and are usually articulated between the operator and the dump bed to allow for greater manoeuvrability in compact spaces. The dump bed, or skip, is usually tipped using hydraulics. Mini dumpers may ride on either tyres or tracks, and are best suited to smaller operations due to a greatly reduced payload compared to that of a dump truck. More info about used mini dumpers on sale.

- See more at: http://blog.machineryzone.com/wikizone/construction-equipment-dumpers/#sthash.fQGtyS8p.dpuf

Kingdom Tower

The building has been scaled down from its initial 1.6 km (about one mile) proposal, which was never fully designed, to a height of at least 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) (the exact height is being kept private while in development, similar to the Burj Khalifa), which, at about one kilometre would still make it by far the tallest building in the world to date, standing at least 173 m (568 ft) taller than the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

The tower and its 50-hectare (120-acre) plot, which will include other buildings, will be the first phase of the Kingdom City development, a three-phase project proposed for a large area of undeveloped waterfront land with an area of 5.2 km2(2.0 sq mi). It was originally planned to cover 23 km2 (8.9 sq mi) and cost SR100 billion. The area is located roughly 20 km (12 mi) north of the port city of Jeddah. Kingdom City was designed by HIOk architect and is estimated to cost at least US$20 billion (SR75 billion) and take around ten years to build. It will essentially become a new district of Jeddah. The second phase of the project will be the infrastructure development needed to support the city, and the third phase has not yet been disclosed. The focal point of the development, Kingdom Tower's primary purpose will be to house a Four Seasons hotel, Four Seasons serviced apartments, Class A office space, and luxury condominiums; it will also have the world’s highest observator Although the Kingdom City plot is nearly isolated from the current urban core of Jeddah, northward is generally considered the direction in which the city will spread in the future: however, no land tracts of such size were available closer to the city

The tower is being designed primarily by Chicago-based architect Adrian Smith of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (AS + GG), the same architect who designed the Burj Khalifa while he was working for Skidmore, Owings & Merill (SOM),for which he worked almost 40 years. AS + GG was formed in 2006 by Adrian Smith, Gordon Gill, and Robert Forest. The development of the tower is being managed by Emaar Properties PJSC. Thornton Tomasetti has been selected as the structural engineering firm, and Environmental Systems Design, Inc. (ESD) is a part of the AS + GG design team that serves as the building services engineering consultants.[31]

On 2 August 2011, it was publicly announced by Kingdom Holding, the investment company, that a contract had been signed bySaudi Binladin Group (SBG), that construction was going to start soon, and that the tower was expected to take 63 months to complete.Besix Group (Belgian Six Construct), which constructed the Burj Khalifa, was previously considered for the contract, but did not win, partially because SBG invested in Jeddah Economic Company (JEC), contributing SR1.5 billion (US$400 million) towards the development of the project, and holding a 16.6 percent stake in Jeddah Economic Company. Besix admitted in 2010 that they expected Binladin Group to win the contract. Jeddah Economic Company is aclosed joint stock company (PJSC) formed in 2009 as a financial entity for Kingdom Tower and City. It is made up primarily of financiers (stakeholders) Kingdom Holding Company (33.35%), Abrar Holding Company (33.35%), which is owned by Samaual Bakhsh, and businessman Abdulrahman Hassan Sharbatly (16.67%), as well as the tower's own contractor, Saudi Binladin Group (16.63%). JEC's assets have a book value of nearly SR9 billion, broken down between a landbank of over 5,300,000 m2 (57,048,725 sq ft) (the Kingdom City plot) with a value of SR7.3 billion that will be used as collateral to attain bank loans, and SR1.5 billion in cash. Kingdom Holding is an investment company founded in 1980 and 95% owned by Prince Talal that has assets valued at over $25 billion, with interests in many major companies such as Walt Disney, Pepsico, Kodak, Apple, Hewatt-packard, Motorola, time warner,Newacorp , and citigroup, as well as real estate in londan through its Songbird Estates division.

Sky City

Sky City is an 838 m (2,749 ft) tall planned skyscarper in the city of changsha, Hunan in south-central china The prospective builders, Broad sustainavle building, estimated it would take just 90 days to construct. Including the 120 days required for prefabrication before on-site work commences, the sum of time needed is 210 days. Pre-construction activities were halted in August 2013 after government regulators required additional approvals.[12] If the project is approved and completed as planned, it would become the tallest building building, 10 m (33 ft) taller than the current record holder, the Burj khalifa in Dubai.

Broad Sustainable Building had intended to build a 666 m (2,185 ft) tall skyscraper, but the local government wanted the world's tallest building, hence the current plans. The company has constructed 20 buildings in China using the same method and has several franchise partners globally.

If it is built as planned, Sky City would be the tallest building in the world, with 202 floors and a total height of 838 m (2,749 ft) but the roof is not as high as the Burj Khalifa's roof. The construction plan calls for it to be built from pre-fabricated units constructed on site in an unprecedentedly short period of 90 days. BSB's plan is to assemble 95% of the building in its factory before any excavation takes place at the construction site. The fabrication process is due to take around six months before the actual construction begins.

According to the plan, the building's 202 stories will have a hotel accommodating 1000 guests, a hospital, 5 schools, and offices. Of the total space available, nearly 83% will be for residential purposes, housing up to 17,000 people. Another 5% will be for the hotel housing 1000, while 3% each will be dedicated to schools, hospitals, offices and shops. There will be 10 fire escape routes, which will evacuate a given floor within 15 minutes; the building will be fire-resistant for up to three hours. It will also have 17 helipads. Sport facilities will include sixbasket ball and 10 tennis court. Plans include preserving some green space around the building.

For transportation there will be 104 high-speed elevators installed. The safety of these potential elevators has been questioned because they take several minutes to get from bottom to top. The 5000 residential properties will be able to accommodate 17,400 residents. The proposed building will have total floor space of 1.2 million m2 (13 million sq ft). The main building will have 1.05 million m2 (11 million sq ft) of this area, with a basement of 130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft) and a 3 to 7 floor-high annex of 35,000 m2 (380,000 sq ft). The total capacity of the building will be about 30,000

Construction Process Of Bituminious Road

1. Preparation of the existing base course layer

The existing surface is prepared by removing the pot holes or rust if any. The irregularities are filled in with premix chippings at least a week before laying surface course. If the existing pavement is extremely way, a bituminous leveling course of adequate thickness is provided to lay a bituminous concrete surface course on a binder course instead of directly laying it on a WBM.

2. Application of Tuck Coat

It is desirable to lay AC layer over a bituminous base or binder course. A tack coat of bitumen is applied at 6.0 to 7.5 kg per 10 sq.m area, this quantity may be increased to 7.5 to 10 kg for non-bituminous base.

3. Preparation and placing of Premix

The premix is prepared in a hot mix plant of a required capacity with the desired quality control. The bitumen may be heated upto 150 – 177 deg C and the aggregate temperature should not differ by over 14 deg C from the binder temperature. The hot mixed material is collected from the mixture by the transporters, carried to the location is spread by a mechanical paver at a temperature of 121 to 163 deg C. the camber and the thickness of the layer are accurately verified. The control of the temperatures during the mixing and the compaction are of great significance in the strength of the resulting pavement structure.

4. Rolling

A mix after it is placed on the base course is thoroughly compacted by rolling at a speed not more than 5km per hour.

The initial or break down rolling is done by 8 to 12 tonnes roller and the intermediate rolling is done with a fixed wheel pneumatic roller of 15 to 30 tonnes having a tyre pressure of 7kg per sq.cm. the wheels of the roller are kept damp with water.

The number of passes required depends on the thickness of the layer. In warm weather rolling on the next day, helps to increase the density if the initial rolling was not adequate. The final rolling or finishing is done by 8 to 10 tonne tandem roller.

Fig: Tandem Roller

5. Quality control of bituminous concrete construction

The routine checks are carried out at site to ensure the quality of the resulting pavement mixture and the pavement surface.

Periodical checks are made for

a) Aggregate grading

b) Grade of bitumen

c) Temperature of aggregate

d) Temperature of paving mix during mixing and compaction.

At least one sample for every 100 tonnes of the mix discharged by the hot mix plant is collected and tested for above requirements. Marshall tests are also conducted. For every 100 sq.m of the compacted surface, one test of the field density is conducted to check whether it is atleast 95% of the density obtained in the laboratory. The variation in the thickness allowed is 6mm per 4.5m length of construction.

6. Finished surface:

The AC surface should be checked by a 3.0 m straight edge. The longitudinal undulations should not exceed 8.0 mm and the number of undulations higher than 6.0 mm should not exceed 10 in a length of 300 m. The cross-traffic profile should not have undulations exceeding 4.0mm.

Source : theconstructor.org

The Statue of Unity , United India.

The project was first announced on October 7, 2010. The total height of the statue from its base will be 240 metre consisting base level of 58 metre and statue of 182 metre. It will be constructed with steel framing, reinforced cement concrete and bronze coating.

A consortium of turner construction (consultant of burj khalifa), michael Graves and meinhardt group, will supervise the project. It will take 56 months to complete the project, 15 months for planning, 40 months for construction and two months for handing over by the consortium. The entire project (the statue and other buildings including the memorial, visitor centre, garden, hotel, convention centre, amusement park and research institute) would cost about 25 billion (US$420 million).The first phase of the project, including construction of the main statue, a bridge connecting the statue to the river bank and reconstruction of the 12 km road along the river banks is estimated to cost 20.63 billion (US$340 million). Tender bids for the first phase are already invited as of October 2013. Last date for submission of tender was November 30, 2013.

The monument will be built on a ppp model, with most of the money raised by private contribution. The Government Of Gujrat has allotted Rs 100 crore for the project in the budget for 2012-13.

The then Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi, (currently Prime minister of India) laid the foundation stone of statue on 31 October 2013, the 138th birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. He along with L.K. Adavani announced to the public that after completion of the project, it will be the tallest statue of the world. The construction started on January 26, 2014. An American digital sculptor Joe meena, will design the statue

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Top railway station in the world

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St Pancras International, London
A magnificent and highly romantic addition to the skyline of Victorian
London, St Pancras – named after a 3rd Century Roman martyr − is a
glorious concatenation of salmon pink brick and veined marble clock
towers, pinnacles, spires and pointed arches. A true cathedral of the early
railway age, this great terminus and hotel was designed for the Midland
Railway by the daring structural engineer William Barlow and the
architect, Sir Gilbert Scott, the latter best known for new Gothic churches,
the Albert Memorial and the restoration of many medieval buildings.

York
Who can fail to be thrilled by the sight of an express train coursing its way
around and under the great iron and glass sweep of the roof of York
station? This majestic, 800-ft long structure is supported by avenues of
mighty Corinthian columns, and the feeling here is that passengers are
waiting for trains in what must surely be the most important railway station
of all. When, in fact, it opened in 1877, York was – if briefly – the world’s
largest. Set half way between London and Edinburgh, it has always been
an important railway junction and served by some of Britain’s fastest and
most prestigious trains including The Flying Scotsman, The Talisman and
The Elizabethan.

Grand Central Terminal : Opened in 1903, Grand Central is grand in every way. Big,
broad-shouldered, opulent and beautifully built, it is as much a meeting place – a vast
urban drawing room – as it a commuter, and occasional long distance, railroad station.
It is a truly great place to sit and while away the New York rush hour, cocktail to hand,
while watching great shafts of evening sunlight slant through the huge Beaux-Arts
windows of its sensationally ambitious concourse as passengers head for the platforms
– all forty-four of them hidden on two levels beneath your feet. Look higher again, above
the famous four-faced station clock, and there’s a glorious ceiling to marvel at, a map no
less of the constellations and the signs of the zodiac.

Helsinki Central : Built from 1857 during the time of the Russian Grand Duchy,
Finnish railways were effectively state-owned from their inception. Stations were
simple, functional and standardised. And then, half a century later, when the
National Romantic movement in the arts caught on, characterised by the
stirring music of Jean Sibelius, and a desire for independence from Russia was in
the air, Finnish architects let rip with a wave of ambitious and beautifully crafted
buildings; on the crest of this wave was Helsinki station.

Vertoria Terminal , Mumbai : Crafted in yellow sandstone, granite and blue-grey
basalt, Victoria Terminus (since renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, although only
officials and politicians seem to refer to it by this name) in what was once Bombay, was
opened in 1887 coinciding with the Golden Jubilee of the Queen Empress, Victoria. It
was completed the following year. It is of course, a younger, imperial sibling of London’s
St Pancras, although imbued with ‘Hindu’ details, and equally joyous. Even today, street
life around the station, with red double-deck buses and Hindustan Ambassador taxis
based on 1950s Morris Oxfords, has a curiously British feel about it.

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Top 10 ranking of dam according to volume ofwater capacity of dam 2.pdf
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10 Longest River In The World.pdf
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16 Surveying Equipment

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1) Chain: Chain is a surveying equipment use
for the measuring distance between two
checkpoints. It length may vary.
2) Tape: It is use for measuring distance. Tape
may be of different types :
a. Tailor measuring tape
b. Steel measuring tape
c. Diameter circumference measuring
tape
d. Fiberglass Measuring tape
3) Ranging Rod: It is the vertical rod which may
be made up of wood or steel use to locate
the station. It may be circular or square in
section.
4) Total Station: this is the advanced surveying
equipment which can carry nearly most of the
surveying operation.

5) Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) : It is also
advanced surveying equipment in which
distance between two points is measured
electronically.
6) Planimeter : It is used for measuring the
surface area of irregular figure.
7) Dumpy Level : It is used for taking the staff
reading.
8) Tilting Level : It is used for taking invert
staff reading

9) Auto-level : auto level is used for
taking the reading from the long
distance and its best part is it is
automatic leveled.
10)Spirit level : It is used for determining
the level of the object.
11)Tripod : This is used for fixing dumpy level ,
tilting level, theodolite , tacheometer and
also plane table.
12)Alidade: Alidade is use fordrawing line on the
plane table representing the original line
between the same two station

13)Plumb bob : It is used to mark centre
14)Trough Compass: To determine north direction.
15)Theodolite: It is use for the accurate measurement
of horizontal and vertical angle.

16)Tacheometer: It is nothing but transit theodolite fitted with the stadia
diaphram and an analytic lens.

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Types Of Cement :

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1)Ordinary Portland Cement
a)Ordinary Portland Cement 33 Grade
b)Ordinary Portland Cement 43 Grade
c)Ordinary Portland Cement 53 Grade
2) Rapid hardening cement
3) Extra rapid hardening cement
4) Sulphate resisiting cement
5) Portland slag cement
6)Quick setting cement
7) Super sulphate cement
8) low heat cement
9) Portland pozzolana cement
10) Air entraining cement
11) White cement
12) Hydrophobic cement
13) masonary cement
14) Oil well cement
15) Rediset cement
16) OPC
17) High alumina cement
18) Very high strength cement

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8 tallest building in the world :

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8. Pyramid
There are many pyramids is
discover in the Egypt nut the great
pyramid of Giza has maximum
height as compare to others which
is approx. 300m. These pyramids
are constructed with reference to
the sunlight because the people
consider sun as a God at that time
7. Eiffel Tower:
Eiffel tower which is situated at Paris, France has
height 324m from the ground. The Eiffel tower
was only constructed for to show the iron is
stronger than other construction material. The
tower has 3 floor where, restaurant for visitors on
the first and second floor and observatory on the
third floor.
6.Empire State Building :
Empire state building is the iconic
building in the New York which is seen in
the more than 90 Hollywood movies and
has height 381m up to the roof and height
including antenna is 443m high. It has
observatory at 87th and 102th floor.

5. World Trade Centre:
It is situated at the new York, united
states of America which is destroyed by alqueda
in 2001. There are 7 world trade
centre in which first and second tower has
largest height of 541m including antenna.
4. Petronas Tower:
The patrons tower is also known as
the PETRONAS twin tower is situated in Kualalumpur
, Malaysia. Its construction is started
at 1994 and completed in the 1999. This
tower is designed by American architect
CESAR PELLI. The tower is 481m high. A sky
bridge two stories tall links to two towers
between the 41st and 42nd stories. Its height is
452m.
3. Taipei 101:
The Taipei 101 is amazing building situated
n Taiwan. The tower consists of 101 stories and
its construction is started at 1999 and
completed in 2004 with total cost. The construction cost of Taipei 101 is 1.7 billion. Its height is 509m.

2. CN tower:
The CN tower is a 553.33m high
concrete communication and
observation tower in downtown Toronto,
Canada. The idea of the CN tower
originated in 1968 when the Canadian
national Railway wanted to build a
large TV and radio communication
platform to serve the Toronto area as
well as demonstrate the strength of
Canadian industry
1.Burj Khalifa :
The Burj khalifa is currently a
tallest building in the world having
height 830 m and 163 stories. It is
design by architect Adrian Smith.
The developer of burj khalifa
emaar constructions and
contractor is Samsung c&t
corporation.

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10 Longest Bridge in the world :

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10) Seven Mile Bridge:
The seven mile bridge is a famous bridge in the Florida
Keys in Monroe county, Florida, US. It is two lane bridge which is 10.88
km long.
9) San Mateo-Hayward Bridge:
The San Mateo –Hayward Bridge is a bridge crossing the
U.S. state of California’s San Francisco, linking the San Francisco
peninsula with east Bay. It is 6 lane bridges and which is 11.26km long.

8) Confederation Bridge:
The confederation bridge spans the abegweit passage of
Northumberland, Strait. It Is two lane bridge. It is 12.9 km long.
7) Rio-Niteroi Bridge :
Rio-Niteroi bridge is a box girder bridge crossing
Guanabara Bay, In state of rio-de-janero , Brazil. It is 8 lane highway
which is 13.29m.

6) Penang Bridge :
The bridge is also linked to the north-South expressway in prai
on the mainland of Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula. It is a 13.5km
long.
5) Vasco-da-gama bridge
The vasco-da-gama bridge is a cable-stayed bridge flanked
by viaducts and range views that spans the Tagus River in Parque
das Nacres in Lisbon capital of Portugal.

4) Chesapeake Bay Bridge:
The Chesapeake Bay Bridge is a major dual-span Bridge
in the U.S. State of Maryland spanning. It is six lanes roads and which
is 22.79km.
3) King Fahd Causeway:
King Fahd causeway is a series of bridges and causeways
connecting Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. It is two lanes highway. It is 25
km long.

2) Donghai Bridge :
It is one of the longest bridge located in china. It is 2 lane
and is 32.5km
1) Lake Pontchartrain Causeway :
The lake Pontchartrin causeway is a causeway composed
of two parallel bridge crossing lake pontchartrain in southern
Louisiana, US. ITS IS FOUR lane bridge and it is 38.42km long.

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